Conflict between sea snakes and humans on the coast of West Bengal and Odisha, India: perception, attitudes and incidents

Background
Snakebite envenoming is a critical medical emergency and significant global public health issue, with India experiencing the highest annual snakebite deaths. Sea snakes in the Indian Ocean pose a severe threat to rural fishermen due to their potent neurotoxins.

Methods
From December 2020 to December 2021, we conducted surveys at 15 fishing ports in East Medinipur, West Bengal, and Balasore, Odisha, India (between 21.805651 N 87.874188 E and 21.574851 N 87.374059 E). We interviewed 2301 fishermen in 421 group sessions to document sea snake bite incidents, outcomes and perceptions from 2012 onwards. Historical data were also retrieved from various databases and social media platforms.

Results
We recorded 166 sea snake bite cases, with 55.4% fatalities, 2.4% permanent disabilities and 41% survivors. Gill net fishermen were the most affected, with most bites occurring while handling snakes caught in nets, particularly at dawn and dusk. Fishermen reported a significant decline in sea snake populations over the past decade due to by-catch and killing practices.

Conclusions
Sea snake bites are a major occupational hazard for Indian fishermen, with high fatality rates due to limited medical access. Increased awareness, safer handling practices and improved medical infrastructure are essential to reduce mortality and conserve sea snake populations. This study highlights the need for targeted interventions in affected communities.