The development and validation of the public speaking threats inventory (PSTI)

Public speaking is a common requirement in occupational and educational settings, often eliciting anxiety. However, existing measures frequently fail to identify specific sources of perceived threat, potentially limiting the effectiveness of targeted interventions. To address this gap, two studies were conducted to develop and validate the Public Speaking Threats Inventory (PSTI), a self-report measure designed to assess sources of threat during public speaking. Study 1 (n = 248) focused on item development and factor structure validation. Bayesian structural equation modelling (BSEM) supported a three-factor model (physiological arousal, self-perceptions, and external judgements) comprising 26 items. Study 2 (n = 709) further validated a lightly revised model (27 items), demonstrating strong internal consistency, convergent and concurrent validity, and support for the three-factor structure. Test-retest reliability was assessed in a separate sample of 77 undergraduates. A higher-order factor model indicated that the PSTI total score functions as a valid standalone indicator of overall public speaking anxiety. The PSTI is a reliable, time-efficient tool that enables both detailed profiling of public speaking threat sources and a total score reflecting overall public speaking anxiety. Its dual-scoring structure supports flexible use across research, clinical, and educational settings, representing a meaningful advancement in assessing public speaking anxiety.