Diel variation in CO2 flux is substantial in many lakes

Elvira de Eyto; Robyn L. Smyth; Rachel M. Pilla; Alo Laas; Amir Reza Shahabinia; Angela Baldocchi; Ankur R. Desai; Anna Lupon; Annalea Lohila; Biel Obrador; Blaize A. Denfeld; Cayelan C. Carey; David Bastviken; David Reed; David Rudberg; Eva‐Ingrid Rõõm; Francois Clayer; Gesa A. Weyhenmeyer; Hannah E. Chmiel; Hans Peter Grossart; Heleen A. de Wit; Ilga Kokorite; Jan‐Erik Thrane; Jānis Bikše; James A. Rusak; Jorge Encinas Fernández; José Fernandes Bezerra‐Neto; Ludmila S. Brighenti; Matthias Koschorreck; Mika Aurela; Nathan Barros; Philipp S. Keller; R. Iestyn Woolway; Rafael Marcé; Ryan P. McClure; Samuel Haverinen; Sari Juutinen; Sarian Kosten; Steve Sadro; Brian C. Doyle

doi:10.1002/lol2.70066

Diel variation in CO2 flux is substantial in many lakes

Elvira de Eyto, Robyn L. Smyth, Rachel M. Pilla, Alo Laas, Amir Reza Shahabinia, Angela Baldocchi, Ankur R. Desai, Anna Lupon, Annalea Lohila, Biel Obrador, Blaize A. Denfeld, Cayelan C. Carey, David Bastviken, David Reed, David Rudberg, Eva‐Ingrid Rõõm, Francois Clayer, Gesa A. Weyhenmeyer, Hannah E. Chmiel, Hans Peter GrossartHeleen A. de Wit, Ilga Kokorite, Jan‐Erik Thrane, Jānis Bikše, James A. Rusak, Jorge Encinas Fernández, José Fernandes Bezerra‐Neto, Ludmila S. Brighenti, Matthias Koschorreck, Mika Aurela, Nathan Barros, Philipp S. Keller, R. Iestyn Woolway, Rafael Marcé, Ryan P. McClure, Samuel Haverinen, Sari Juutinen, Sarian Kosten, Steve Sadro, Brian C. Doyle

School of Ocean Sciences

Research output: Contribution to journal › Letter › peer-review

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Abstract

Lakes play a significant role in the global carbon cycle, acting as sources and sinks of carbon dioxide (CO2). In situ measurements of CO2 flux (FCO2) from lakes have generally been collected during daylight, despite indications of significant diel variability. This introduces bias when scaling up to whole‐lake annual aquatic carbon budgets. We conducted an international sampling program to ascertain the extent of diel variation in FCO2 across lakes. We sampled 21 lakes over 41 campaigns and measured FCO2 at 4‐h intervals over a full diel cycle. Rates of FCO2 ranged from −3.16 to 4.39 mmol m−2 h−1. Integrated over a day, FCO2 ranged from −381.68 to 878.49 mg C m−2 d−1 (mean = 76.54) across campaigns. We identified three characteristic diel patterns in FCO2 related to trophic status and show that for half of the campaigns, daily flux estimates were biased by > 50% if based on a single (daytime) measurement.

Original language	English
Journal	Limnology and Oceanography Letters
Early online date	19 Sept 2025
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1002/lol2.70066
Publication status	E-pub ahead of print - 19 Sept 2025

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de Eyto, E., Smyth, R. L., Pilla, R. M., Laas, A., Shahabinia, A. R., Baldocchi, A., Desai, A. R., Lupon, A., Lohila, A., Obrador, B., Denfeld, B. A., Carey, C. C., Bastviken, D., Reed, D., Rudberg, D., Rõõm, EI., Clayer, F., Weyhenmeyer, G. A., Chmiel, H. E., ... Doyle, B. C. (2025). Diel variation in CO2 flux is substantial in many lakes. Limnology and Oceanography Letters. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/lol2.70066

@article{b7dbc0521f7948ba93b87a97c432ee06,

title = "Diel variation in CO2 flux is substantial in many lakes",

abstract = "Lakes play a significant role in the global carbon cycle, acting as sources and sinks of carbon dioxide (CO2). In situ measurements of CO2 flux (FCO2) from lakes have generally been collected during daylight, despite indications of significant diel variability. This introduces bias when scaling up to whole‐lake annual aquatic carbon budgets. We conducted an international sampling program to ascertain the extent of diel variation in FCO2 across lakes. We sampled 21 lakes over 41 campaigns and measured FCO2 at 4‐h intervals over a full diel cycle. Rates of FCO2 ranged from −3.16 to 4.39 mmol m−2 h−1. Integrated over a day, FCO2 ranged from −381.68 to 878.49 mg C m−2 d−1 (mean = 76.54) across campaigns. We identified three characteristic diel patterns in FCO2 related to trophic status and show that for half of the campaigns, daily flux estimates were biased by > 50\% if based on a single (daytime) measurement.",

author = "\{de Eyto\}, Elvira and Smyth, \{Robyn L.\} and Pilla, \{Rachel M.\} and Alo Laas and Shahabinia, \{Amir Reza\} and Angela Baldocchi and Desai, \{Ankur R.\} and Anna Lupon and Annalea Lohila and Biel Obrador and Denfeld, \{Blaize A.\} and Carey, \{Cayelan C.\} and David Bastviken and David Reed and David Rudberg and Eva‐Ingrid R{\~o}{\~o}m and Francois Clayer and Weyhenmeyer, \{Gesa A.\} and Chmiel, \{Hannah E.\} and Grossart, \{Hans Peter\} and \{de Wit\}, \{Heleen A.\} and Ilga Kokorite and Jan‐Erik Thrane and Jānis Bik{\v s}e and Rusak, \{James A.\} and Fern{\'a}ndez, \{Jorge Encinas\} and Bezerra‐Neto, \{Jos{\'e} Fernandes\} and Brighenti, \{Ludmila S.\} and Matthias Koschorreck and Mika Aurela and Nathan Barros and Keller, \{Philipp S.\} and Woolway, \{R. Iestyn\} and Rafael Marc{\'e} and McClure, \{Ryan P.\} and Samuel Haverinen and Sari Juutinen and Sarian Kosten and Steve Sadro and Doyle, \{Brian C.\}",

year = "2025",

month = sep,

day = "19",

doi = "10.1002/lol2.70066",

language = "English",

journal = "Limnology and Oceanography Letters",

issn = "2378-2242",

publisher = "John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.",

}

de Eyto, E, Smyth, RL, Pilla, RM, Laas, A, Shahabinia, AR, Baldocchi, A, Desai, AR, Lupon, A, Lohila, A, Obrador, B, Denfeld, BA, Carey, CC, Bastviken, D, Reed, D, Rudberg, D, Rõõm, EI, Clayer, F, Weyhenmeyer, GA, Chmiel, HE, Grossart, HP, de Wit, HA, Kokorite, I, Thrane, JE, Bikše, J, Rusak, JA, Fernández, JE, Bezerra‐Neto, JF, Brighenti, LS, Koschorreck, M, Aurela, M, Barros, N, Keller, PS, Woolway, RI, Marcé, R, McClure, RP, Haverinen, S, Juutinen, S, Kosten, S, Sadro, S & Doyle, BC 2025, 'Diel variation in CO2 flux is substantial in many lakes', Limnology and Oceanography Letters. https://doi.org/10.1002/lol2.70066

TY - JOUR

T1 - Diel variation in CO2 flux is substantial in many lakes

AU - de Eyto, Elvira

AU - Smyth, Robyn L.

AU - Pilla, Rachel M.

AU - Laas, Alo

AU - Shahabinia, Amir Reza

AU - Baldocchi, Angela

AU - Desai, Ankur R.

AU - Lupon, Anna

AU - Lohila, Annalea

AU - Obrador, Biel

AU - Denfeld, Blaize A.

AU - Carey, Cayelan C.

AU - Bastviken, David

AU - Reed, David

AU - Rudberg, David

AU - Rõõm, Eva‐Ingrid

AU - Clayer, Francois

AU - Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A.

AU - Chmiel, Hannah E.

AU - Grossart, Hans Peter

AU - de Wit, Heleen A.

AU - Kokorite, Ilga

AU - Thrane, Jan‐Erik

AU - Bikše, Jānis

AU - Rusak, James A.

AU - Fernández, Jorge Encinas

AU - Bezerra‐Neto, José Fernandes

AU - Brighenti, Ludmila S.

AU - Koschorreck, Matthias

AU - Aurela, Mika

AU - Barros, Nathan

AU - Keller, Philipp S.

AU - Woolway, R. Iestyn

AU - Marcé, Rafael

AU - McClure, Ryan P.

AU - Haverinen, Samuel

AU - Juutinen, Sari

AU - Kosten, Sarian

AU - Sadro, Steve

AU - Doyle, Brian C.

PY - 2025/9/19

Y1 - 2025/9/19

N2 - Lakes play a significant role in the global carbon cycle, acting as sources and sinks of carbon dioxide (CO2). In situ measurements of CO2 flux (FCO2) from lakes have generally been collected during daylight, despite indications of significant diel variability. This introduces bias when scaling up to whole‐lake annual aquatic carbon budgets. We conducted an international sampling program to ascertain the extent of diel variation in FCO2 across lakes. We sampled 21 lakes over 41 campaigns and measured FCO2 at 4‐h intervals over a full diel cycle. Rates of FCO2 ranged from −3.16 to 4.39 mmol m−2 h−1. Integrated over a day, FCO2 ranged from −381.68 to 878.49 mg C m−2 d−1 (mean = 76.54) across campaigns. We identified three characteristic diel patterns in FCO2 related to trophic status and show that for half of the campaigns, daily flux estimates were biased by > 50% if based on a single (daytime) measurement.

AB - Lakes play a significant role in the global carbon cycle, acting as sources and sinks of carbon dioxide (CO2). In situ measurements of CO2 flux (FCO2) from lakes have generally been collected during daylight, despite indications of significant diel variability. This introduces bias when scaling up to whole‐lake annual aquatic carbon budgets. We conducted an international sampling program to ascertain the extent of diel variation in FCO2 across lakes. We sampled 21 lakes over 41 campaigns and measured FCO2 at 4‐h intervals over a full diel cycle. Rates of FCO2 ranged from −3.16 to 4.39 mmol m−2 h−1. Integrated over a day, FCO2 ranged from −381.68 to 878.49 mg C m−2 d−1 (mean = 76.54) across campaigns. We identified three characteristic diel patterns in FCO2 related to trophic status and show that for half of the campaigns, daily flux estimates were biased by > 50% if based on a single (daytime) measurement.

U2 - 10.1002/lol2.70066

DO - 10.1002/lol2.70066

M3 - Letter

SN - 2378-2242

JO - Limnology and Oceanography Letters

JF - Limnology and Oceanography Letters

ER -

Diel variation in CO2 flux is substantial in many lakes

Abstract

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