%PDF-1.5
%
1 0 obj
<<
/Metadata 2 0 R
/Names 3 0 R
/OpenAction 4 0 R
/Outlines 5 0 R
/PageMode /UseNone
/Pages 6 0 R
/Type /Catalog
/ViewerPreferences <<
/FitWindow true
>>
>>
endobj
7 0 obj
<<
/Author (Kata Farkas, James E. McDonald, Shelagh K. Malham and Davey L. Jones)
/CreationDate (D:20180910171936+08'00')
/Creator (LaTeX with hyperref package)
/Keywords (tangential flow ultrafiltration; virus precipitation; qPCR; enteric viruses; norovirus; mengovirus)
/ModDate (D:20190318141151Z)
/PTEX.Fullbanner (This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.18 \(TeX Live 2017/W32TeX\) kpathsea version 6.2.3)
/Producer (pdfTeX-1.40.18)
/Subject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
/Title (Two-Step Concentration of Complex Water Samples for the Detection of Viruses)
/Trapped /False
>>
endobj
2 0 obj
<<
/Length 5142
/Subtype /XML
/Type /Metadata
>>
stream
application/pdf
Kata Farkas, James E. McDonald, Shelagh K. Malham and Davey L. Jones
The accurate detection and quantification of pathogenic viruses in water is essential to understand and reduce the risk of human infection. This paper describes a two-step method suitable for concentrating viruses in water and wastewater samples. The method involves a tangential flow ultrafiltration step that reduces the sample volume of 1–10 L to approximately 50 mL, followed by secondary precipitation using polyethylene glycol 6000, which reduces the volume to 1–4 mL. For method validation, water samples were spiked with different concentrations of enteric viruses, and viral recovery in the concentrates exceeded 10% in all experiments. The method is suitable for water samples with high and low salinity and turbidity, allowing an accurate comparison of viral titers in a diverse range of water types. Furthermore, the method has the potential to concentrate other pathogens, e.g., bacteria or protozoa. Hence, the use of this method can improve the holistic assessment of risks associated with wastewater-contaminated environments.
Two-Step Concentration of Complex Water Samples for the Detection of Viruses
2018-09-10T17:19:36+08:00
LaTeX with hyperref package
2019-03-18T14:11:51Z
2019-03-18T14:11:51Z
tangential flow ultrafiltration; virus precipitation; qPCR; enteric viruses; norovirus; mengovirus
pdfTeX-1.40.18
False
This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.18 (TeX Live 2017/W32TeX) kpathsea version 6.2.3
uuid:0902c2fb-57c9-42af-9709-3f404d6a2681
uuid:8fe9440c-f448-47f9-913e-5409e3bf0561
endstream
endobj
3 0 obj
<<
/Dests 8 0 R
>>
endobj
4 0 obj
<<
/D [9 0 R /FitH]
/S /GoTo
>>
endobj
5 0 obj
<<
/Count 15
/First 10 0 R
/Last 11 0 R
/Type /Outlines
>>
endobj
6 0 obj
<<
/Count 7
/Kids [12 0 R 9 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R]
/Type /Pages
>>
endobj
8 0 obj
<<
/Kids [18 0 R 19 0 R]
/Limits [(Doc-Start) (table.caption.3)]
>>
endobj
9 0 obj
<<
/Annots [20 0 R 21 0 R 22 0 R 23 0 R 24 0 R 25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R
30 0 R]
/Contents [31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R 34 0 R 35 0 R 36 0 R 37 0 R 38 0 R]
/CropBox [0 0 595.276 841.89]
/MediaBox [0 0 595.276 841.89]
/Parent 6 0 R
/Resources 39 0 R
/Rotate 0
/Type /Page
>>
endobj
10 0 obj
<<
/A 40 0 R
/Next 41 0 R
/Parent 5 0 R
/Title
>>
endobj
11 0 obj
<<
/A 42 0 R
/Parent 5 0 R
/Prev 43 0 R
/Title
>>
endobj
12 0 obj
<<
/Contents 44 0 R
/Type /Page
/Resources <<
/Font <<
/F1 45 0 R
/F2 46 0 R
/F3 47 0 R
/F4 48 0 R
>>
/XObject <<
/Xf1 49 0 R
>>
>>
/Annots [50 0 R 51 0 R 52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R]
/Parent 6 0 R
/MediaBox [0 0 595 842]
>>
endobj
13 0 obj
<<
/Annots [59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R 62 0 R 63 0 R 64 0 R]
/Contents 65 0 R
/CropBox [0 0 595.276 841.89]
/MediaBox [0 0 595.276 841.89]
/Parent 6 0 R
/Resources 66 0 R
/Rotate 0
/Type /Page
>>
endobj
14 0 obj
<<
/Annots [67 0 R]
/Contents 68 0 R
/CropBox [0 0 595.276 841.89]
/MediaBox [0 0 595.276 841.89]
/Parent 6 0 R
/Resources 69 0 R
/Rotate 0
/Type /Page
>>
endobj
15 0 obj
<<
/Annots [70 0 R 71 0 R]
/Contents 72 0 R
/CropBox [0 0 595.276 841.89]
/MediaBox [0 0 595.276 841.89]
/Parent 6 0 R
/Resources 73 0 R
/Rotate 0
/Type /Page
>>
endobj
16 0 obj
<<
/Annots [74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R 82 0 R 83 0 R]
/Contents 84 0 R
/CropBox [0 0 595.276 841.89]
/MediaBox [0 0 595.276 841.89]
/Parent 6 0 R
/Resources 85 0 R
/Rotate 0
/Type /Page
>>
endobj
17 0 obj
<<
/Annots [86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R 91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R
96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R 101 0 R 102 0 R]
/Contents 103 0 R
/CropBox [0 0 595.276 841.89]
/MediaBox [0 0 595.276 841.89]
/Parent 6 0 R
/Resources 104 0 R
/Rotate 0
/Type /Page
>>
endobj
18 0 obj
<<
/Kids [105 0 R 106 0 R 107 0 R 108 0 R 109 0 R 110 0 R]
/Limits [(Doc-Start) (page.4)]
>>
endobj
19 0 obj
<<
/Kids [111 0 R 112 0 R 113 0 R]
/Limits [(page.5) (table.caption.3)]
>>
endobj
20 0 obj
<<
/A <<
/S /URI
/Type /Action
/URI (http://www.mdpi.com/journal/mps)
>>
/Border [0 0 0]
/C [0 1 1]
/H /I
/Rect [75.539 757.64 167.613 793.648]
/Subtype /Link
/Type /Annot
>>
endobj
21 0 obj
<<
/A <<
/S /URI
/Type /Action
/URI (http://www.mdpi.com)
>>
/Border [0 0 0]
/C [0 1 1]
/H /I
/Rect [474.736 757.64 519.737 793.648]
/Subtype /Link
/Type /Annot
>>
endobj
22 0 obj
<<
/A <<
/S /URI
/Type /Action
/URI (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7068-3228)
>>
/Border [0 0 0]
/C [0 1 1]
/H /I
/Rect [142.537 661.899 153.601 675.512]
/Subtype /Link
/Type /Annot
>>
endobj
23 0 obj
<<
/A <<
/S /URI
/Type /Action
/URI (http://www.mdpi.com/2409-9279/1/3/35?type=check_update&version=1)
>>
/Border [0 0 0]
/C [0 1 1]
/H /I
/Rect [466.564 559.333 518.801 578.334]
/Subtype /Link
/Type /Annot
>>
endobj
24 0 obj
<<
/A <<
/D (cite.B1-mps-353753)
/S /GoTo
>>
/Border [0 0 0]
/C [0 1 0]
/H /I
/Rect [199.052 210.131 206.026 219.058]
/Subtype /Link
/Type /Annot
>>
endobj
25 0 obj
<<
/A <<
/D (cite.B2-mps-353753)
/S /GoTo
>>
/Border [0 0 0]
/C [0 1 0]
/H /I
/Rect [206.574 210.131 213.548 219.058]
/Subtype /Link
/Type /Annot
>>
endobj
26 0 obj
<<
/A <<
/D (cite.B1-mps-353753)
/S /GoTo
>>
/Border [0 0 0]
/C [0 1 0]
/H /I
/Rect [149.142 129.075 156.116 138.001]
/Subtype /Link
/Type /Annot
>>
endobj
27 0 obj
<<
/A <<
/D (cite.B1-mps-353753)
/S /GoTo
>>
/Border [0 0 0]
/C [0 1 0]
/H /I
/Rect [281.591 102.056 288.565 110.983]
/Subtype /Link
/Type /Annot
>>
endobj
28 0 obj
<<
/A <<
/D (cite.B5-mps-353753)
/S /GoTo
>>
/Border [0 0 0]
/C [0 1 0]
/H /I
/Rect [291.454 101.872 298.428 110.983]
/Subtype /Link
/Type /Annot
>>
endobj
29 0 obj
<<
/A <<
/S /URI
/Type /Action
/URI (http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mps1030035)
>>
/Border [0 0 0]
/C [0 1 1]
/H /I
/Rect [197.537 38.684 273.364 50.141]
/Subtype /Link
/Type /Annot
>>
endobj
30 0 obj
<<
/A <<
/S /URI
/Type /Action
/URI (http://www.mdpi.com/journal/mps)
>>
/Border [0 0 0]
/C [0 1 1]
/H /I
/Rect [410.627 38.684 519.737 50.141]
/Subtype /Link
/Type /Annot
>>
endobj
31 0 obj
<<
/Length 513
/Filter /FlateDecode
>>
stream
HTn@}+0uiFCՇqTM }b`U*KYf朹Prп@PZaF+ҠU0F%1ʂ[;'ٻƴ=##Zc)D)1$F>_%S8pkRlap0 Ś|N?4ihCvٗb٥(8mSJpmbR9+ uYmPGa3WfFx]㰔V8iy6akU4U[/9>eJLj8MNkw雯~b@֧(lhem'EV&WHPk9'#N*f'b~@STBYqܽy|_.Bw빉:
V3DgVjr=gL93GzКQ滁njV.%L/>lMOp9(Vً` %s#,
endstream
endobj
32 0 obj
<<
/Length 578
/Filter /FlateDecode
>>
stream
HV0y
-,2l$4^ 9].-/K8}*І==^h,3#I`hz(r)EU~@9;~TmW+ydLts`_OU9jl&klDg_56"IRɭ͋*
a'0K09^B0Q@(lp_C\/%# B"4QH$AD?]ReN\g\oP616PE]{&^{õ]y%]n'srUY=KnZ];îi\f%9.K`OtČR[ntg:@ukSÕp7Uj[YU[cU98`Ar2/TCR&[LK&PfV0t
էtlnH_D?5s+nuY$7c;$ad3.%5kD"Q=GrD\ .04FI1x A/xG@ i&>}Ш|1F?:]ES sO&
endstream
endobj
33 0 obj
<<
/Length 627
/Filter /FlateDecode
>>
stream
HtTr +t3
`[{ȡoMD$TﻰMxvY`Eߎ>?2!n$T)V+&+U?חg/izՔW~b\֢7؛om:3Ѵ1E>S[.O6mѱg3C;oY j˖+\5c-K&knOEF@SQ YS,cgB!-A?6"uAxBa{2)W,:K攮,\CfBo0 D)%,6g2!ѦAB'n+A)v"0 >)lW
endstream
endobj
34 0 obj
<<
/Length 665
/Filter /FlateDecode
>>
stream
HtSM +T".56{KUkHw`lo6f(ۭ+.x'qM5D5ƢS