Levels of ecological conservatism in African Guenons: a comparative study using MaxEnt modelling and ENMTools.

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Documents

  • Angharad Thom

    Research areas

  • Primatology, Cercopithecus, Ecology, MaxEnt, Guenon, Modelling, (MScRes)

Abstract

Guenons, or genus Cercopithecus, have been studied for over a hundred years, but new insights into speciation as well as the introduction of genetic methods into primatology have created difficulties with the taxonomic definition of different species. Scientists now recognise more guenon species than ever before, but it is unclear whether these are truly distinct from one another anatomically, genetically or ecologically. There is also a bias in knowledge: diet has been explored quite extensively, and polyspecific associations are well-known, but we remain uncertain about fundamental ecological and behavioural features of all guenon species. There are also currently no investigations into their present ecological needs using MaxEnt modelling as a research tool, this research addresses this gap. It aims to create the first species distribution models for all the guenon species listed by the IUCN Red List, and explore zones of overlap to characterise their ecological distinctiveness. To make these models, I took locality data points from GBIF and iNaturalist and historical environmental data from various sources. I used this data to create MaxEnt models which were then converted to presence absence maps in ArcGIS. Using ENMTools to quantify the species overlap. These show the predicted suitable habitat of the guenons and genus Allochrocebus, used as an outgroup. Guenons are known to have conservative anatomy and genetics that show very limited divergence between species, despite having high variation in chromosome numbers. My results show that guenons also have conservative ecological needs, however the MaxENT models still demonstrate some areas of distinct habitat for each species. There is therefore enough ecological difference to provide distinct geographical outlines for each species, though most species could co-exist across much of their ranges. Using ENMTools also shows that Guenons are ecologically conservative. As a genus, guenons have high levels of ecological flexibility, this likely contributes to the species also having a great amount of predicted suitable habitat overlap, allowing them to have so much ecologically in common. This leads to the situation where many guenon ranges are predicted as suitable habitat for more than one species. I have thus demonstrated that the guenons are ecologically conservative and capable, according to my models, of potentially extending the ranges that they occupy beyond their current boundaries. Some are also extant in areas that are not predicted suitable. There must therefore be some other driving force than just their ecology that makes it advantageous to live in these areas, perhaps through methods like polyspecific association as it is seen in some known associations that species associate more when they are less similar than others in their area; or perhaps some geographic barriers (not all of them currently visible) that prevent certain species from occupying all their suitable habitat. The ENMTools results also show that in the case of some polyspecific associations where similarity is high that strategies are used to reduce competition. This research suggest that there is still much to be learned about guenon ecology and how the genus Cercopithecus partitions ecological space.

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Original languageEnglish
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Award date20 Apr 2023