TY - JOUR

T1 - Too much is too much: Influence of former stress levels on food craving and weight gain during the COVID-19 period

AU - Granger, Rachel

AU - Kubis, Hans-Peter

N1 - Copyright: © 2023 Granger, Kubis. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

PY - 2023/4/27

Y1 - 2023/4/27

N2 - The COVID-19 pandemic and associated social restrictions had an extensive effect on peoples' lives. Increased rates of weight gain were widely reported, as were declines in the general populations' mental health, including increases in perceived stress. This study investigated whether higher perceived levels of stress during the pandemic were associated with greater levels of weight gain, and whether poor prior levels of mental health were a factor in higher levels of both stress and weight gain during the pandemic. Underlying changes in eating behaviours and dietary consumption were also investigated. During January-February 2021, UK adults (n = 179) completed a self-report online questionnaire to measure perceived levels of stress and changes (current versus pre-COVID-19 restrictions) in weight, eating behaviours, dietary consumption, and physical activity. Participants also reported on how COVID-19 had impacted their lives and their level of mental health prior to the pandemic. Participants with higher levels of stress were significantly more likely to report weight gain and twice as likely to report increased food cravings and comfort food consumption (OR = 2.3 and 1.9-2.5, respectively). Participants reporting an increase in food cravings were 6-11 times more likely to snack and to have increased consumption of high sugar or processed foods (OR = 6.3, 11.2 and 6.3, respectively). Females reported a far greater number of COVID-19 enforced lifestyle changes and both being female and having poor mental health prior to the pandemic were significant predictors of higher stress and weight gain during the pandemic. Although COVID-19 and the pandemic restrictions were unprecedented, this study suggests that understanding and addressing the disparity of higher perceived stress in females and individuals' previous levels of mental health, as well as the key role of food cravings, is key for successfully addressing the continuing societal issue of weight gain and obesity. [Abstract copyright: Copyright: © 2023 Granger, Kubis. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.]

AB - The COVID-19 pandemic and associated social restrictions had an extensive effect on peoples' lives. Increased rates of weight gain were widely reported, as were declines in the general populations' mental health, including increases in perceived stress. This study investigated whether higher perceived levels of stress during the pandemic were associated with greater levels of weight gain, and whether poor prior levels of mental health were a factor in higher levels of both stress and weight gain during the pandemic. Underlying changes in eating behaviours and dietary consumption were also investigated. During January-February 2021, UK adults (n = 179) completed a self-report online questionnaire to measure perceived levels of stress and changes (current versus pre-COVID-19 restrictions) in weight, eating behaviours, dietary consumption, and physical activity. Participants also reported on how COVID-19 had impacted their lives and their level of mental health prior to the pandemic. Participants with higher levels of stress were significantly more likely to report weight gain and twice as likely to report increased food cravings and comfort food consumption (OR = 2.3 and 1.9-2.5, respectively). Participants reporting an increase in food cravings were 6-11 times more likely to snack and to have increased consumption of high sugar or processed foods (OR = 6.3, 11.2 and 6.3, respectively). Females reported a far greater number of COVID-19 enforced lifestyle changes and both being female and having poor mental health prior to the pandemic were significant predictors of higher stress and weight gain during the pandemic. Although COVID-19 and the pandemic restrictions were unprecedented, this study suggests that understanding and addressing the disparity of higher perceived stress in females and individuals' previous levels of mental health, as well as the key role of food cravings, is key for successfully addressing the continuing societal issue of weight gain and obesity. [Abstract copyright: Copyright: © 2023 Granger, Kubis. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.]

KW - Adult

KW - COVID-19/epidemiology

KW - Craving

KW - Feeding Behavior/psychology

KW - Female

KW - Humans

KW - Male

KW - Pandemics

KW - Weight Gain

U2 - 10.1371/journal.pone.0277856

DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0277856

M3 - Article

C2 - 37104278

VL - 18

SP - e0277856

JO - PLoS ONE

JF - PLoS ONE

SN - 1932-6203

IS - 4

M1 - 0277856

ER -