Urban heat mitigation by green and blue infrastructure: Drivers, effectiveness, and future needs

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  • Prashant Kumar
    University of Surrey
  • Sisay E. Debele
    University of Surrey
  • Soheila Khalili
    University of Surrey
  • Christos H. Halios
    University of Reading
  • Jeetendra Sahani
    University of Surrey
  • Nasrin Aghamohammadi
    Murdoch University
  • Maria de Fatima Andrade
    University of Sao Paulo
  • Maria Athanassiadou
    Met Office
  • Kamaldeep Bhui
    University of Oxford
  • Nerea Calvillo
    University of Warwick
  • Shi-Jie Cao
    University of Surrey
  • Frederic Coulon
    Cranfield University, Cranfield, UK
  • Jill L. Edmondson
    University of Sheffield
  • David Fletcher
    UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bangor
  • Edmilson Dias de Freitas
    University of Sao Paulo
  • Hai Guo
    The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
  • Matthew C. Hort
    Met Office
  • Madhusudan Katti
    North Carolina State University
  • Thomas Rodding Kjeldsen
    University of Bath
  • Steffen Lehmann
    University of Nevada
  • Giuliano Maselli Locosselli
    University of Sao Paulo
  • Shelagh K. Malham
  • Lidia Morawska
    University of Surrey
  • Rajan Parajuli
    North Carolina State University
  • Christopher D.F. Rogers
    School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham
  • Runming Yao
    Chongqing University
  • Fang Wang
    Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing
  • Jannis Wenk
    University of Bath
  • Laurence Jones
    UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bangor
The combination of urbanization and global warming leads to urban overheating and compounds the frequency and intensity of extreme heat events due to climate change. Yet, the risk of urban overheating can be mitigated by urban green-blue-grey infrastructure (GBGI), such as parks, wetlands, and engineered greening, which have the potential to effectively reduce summer air temperatures. Despite many reviews, the evidence bases on quantified GBGI cooling benefits remains partial and the practical recommendations for implementation are unclear. This systematic literature review synthesizes the evidence base for heat mitigation and related co-benefits, identifies knowledge gaps, and proposes recommendations for their implementation to maximize their benefits. After screening 27,486 papers, 202 were reviewed, based on 51 GBGI types categorized under 10 main divisions. Certain GBGI (green walls, parks, street trees) have been well researched for their urban cooling capabilities. However, several other GBGI have received negligible (zoological garden, golf course, estuary) or minimal (private garden, allotment) attention. The most efficient air cooling was observed in botanical gardens (5.0 ± 3.5°C), wetlands (4.9 ± 3.2°C), green walls (4.1 ± 4.2°C), street trees (3.8 ± 3.1°C), and vegetated balconies (3.8 ± 2.7°C). Under changing climate conditions (2070-2100) with consideration of RCP8.5, there is a shift in climate subtypes, either within the same climate zone (e.g., Dfa to Dfb and Cfb to Cfa) or across other climate zones (e.g., Dfb [continental warm-summer humid] to BSk [dry, cold semi-arid] and Cwa [temperate] to Am [tropical]). These shifts may result in lower efficiency for the current GBGI in the future. Given the importance of multiple services, it is crucial to balance their functionality, cooling performance, and other related co-benefits when planning for the future GBGI. This global GBGI heat mitigation inventory can assist policymakers and urban planners in prioritizing effective interventions to reduce the risk of urban overheating, filling research gaps, and promoting community resilience. [Abstract copyright: © 2024 The Author(s).]

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Iaith wreiddiolSaesneg
Tudalennau (o-i)100588
CyfnodolynThe Innovation
Cyfrol5
Rhif y cyfnodolyn2
Dyddiad ar-lein cynnar7 Chwef 2024
Dynodwyr Gwrthrych Digidol (DOIs)
StatwsCyhoeddwyd - 4 Maw 2024

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