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  • Joanne Rycroft-Malone
  • Kate Seers
    University of Warwick
  • A.C. Eldh
    Linköping University
  • Karen Cox
    Fontys University of Applied Sciences, Eindhoven
  • N. Crichton
    London South Bank University
  • Gill Harvey
    University of Adelaide
  • Claire Hawkes
    University of Warwick
  • Alison Kitson
    University of Adelaide
  • Brendan McCormack
    Queen Margaret University
  • Christel McMullan
    University of Birmingham
  • Carole Mockford
    University of Warwick
  • Theo Niessen
    Fontys University of Applied Sciences, Eindhoven
  • Paul Slater
    University of Ulster
  • A. Titchen
    University of Ulster
  • Teatske van der Zijp
    Fontys University of Applied Sciences, Eindhoven
  • Lars Wallin
    Karolinska Institute, Stockholm

Background

Facilitation is a promising implementation intervention, which requires theory-informed evaluation. This paper presents an exemplar of a multi-country realist process evaluation that was embedded in the first international randomised controlled trial evaluating two types of facilitation for implementing urinary continence care recommendations. We aimed to uncover what worked (and did not work), for whom, how, why and in what circumstances during the process of implementing the facilitation interventions in practice.
Methods

This realist process evaluation included theory formulation, theory testing and refining. Data were collected in 24 care home sites across four European countries. Data were collected over four time points using multiple qualitative methods: observation (372 h), interviews with staff (n = 357), residents (n = 152), next of kin (n = 109) and other stakeholders (n = 128), supplemented by facilitator activity logs. A combined inductive and deductive data analysis process focused on realist theory refinement and testing.
Results

The content and approach of the two facilitation programmes prompted variable opportunities to align and realign support with the needs and expectations of facilitators and homes. This influenced their level of confidence in fulfilling the facilitator role and ability to deliver the intervention as planned. The success of intervention implementation was largely dependent on whether sites prioritised their involvement in both the study and the facilitation programme. In contexts where the study was prioritised (including release of resources) and where managers and staff support was sustained, this prompted collective engagement (as an attitude and action). Internal facilitators’ (IF) personal characteristics and abilities, including personal and formal authority, in combination with a supportive environment prompted by managers triggered the potential for learning over time. Learning over time resulted in a sense of confidence and personal growth, and enactment of the facilitation role, which resulted in practice changes.
Conclusion

The scale and multi-country nature of this study provided a novel context to conduct one of the few trial embedded realist-informed process evaluations. In addition to providing an explanatory account of implementation processes, a conceptual platform for future facilitation research is presented. Finally, a realist-informed process evaluation framework is outlined, which could inform future research of this nature.
Trial registration
Original languageEnglish
Article number138
JournalImplementation Science
Volume13
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 16 Nov 2018

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