TY - JOUR

T1 - An in vitro assessment of panel of engineered nanomaterials using a human renal cell line

T2 - cytotoxicity, pro-inflammatory response, oxidative stress and genotoxicity

AU - Kermanizadeh, Ali

AU - Vranic, Sandra

AU - Boland, Sonja

AU - Moreau, Kevin

AU - Baeza-Squiban, Armelle

AU - Gaiser, Birgit K

AU - Andrzejczuk, Livia A

AU - Stone, Vicki

PY - 2013/4/25

Y1 - 2013/4/25

N2 - UNLABELLED: BACKGROUND: It has been shown that nanomaterials (NMs) are able to translocate to secondary tissues one of the important being the kidneys. Oxidative stress has been implicated as a possible mechanism for NM toxicity, hence effects on the human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (HK-2) treated with a panel of engineered nanomaterials (NMs) consisting of two zinc oxide particles (ZnO - coated - NM 110 and uncoated - NM 111), two multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) (NM 400 and NM 402), one silver (NM 300) and five TiO2 NMs (NM 101, NRCWE 001, 002, 003 and 004) were evaluated.METHODS: In order to assess the toxicological impact of the engineered NMs on HK-2 cells - WST-1 cytotoxicity assay, FACSArray, HE oxidation and the comet assays were utilised. For statistical analysis, the experimental values were compared to their corresponding controls using an ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparison.RESULTS: We found the two ZnO NMs (24 hr LC50 - 2.5 μg/cm2) and silver NM (24 hr LC50 - 10 μg/cm2) were highly cytotoxic to the cells. The LC50 was not attained in the presence of any of the other engineered nanomaterials (up to 80 μg/cm2). All nanomaterials significantly increased IL8 and IL6 production. Meanwhile no significant change in TNF-α or MCP-1 was detectable. The most notable increase in ROS was noted following treatment with the Ag and the two ZnO NMs. Finally, genotoxicity was measured at sub-lethal concentrations. We found a small but significant increase in DNA damage following exposure to seven of the ten NMs investigated (NM 111, NRCWE 001 and NRCWE 003 being the exception) with this increase being most visible following exposure to Ag and the positively charged TiO2.CONCLUSIONS: While the NMs could be categorised as low and highly cytotoxic, sub-lethal effects such as cytokine production and genotoxicity were observed with some of the low toxicity materials.

AB - UNLABELLED: BACKGROUND: It has been shown that nanomaterials (NMs) are able to translocate to secondary tissues one of the important being the kidneys. Oxidative stress has been implicated as a possible mechanism for NM toxicity, hence effects on the human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (HK-2) treated with a panel of engineered nanomaterials (NMs) consisting of two zinc oxide particles (ZnO - coated - NM 110 and uncoated - NM 111), two multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) (NM 400 and NM 402), one silver (NM 300) and five TiO2 NMs (NM 101, NRCWE 001, 002, 003 and 004) were evaluated.METHODS: In order to assess the toxicological impact of the engineered NMs on HK-2 cells - WST-1 cytotoxicity assay, FACSArray, HE oxidation and the comet assays were utilised. For statistical analysis, the experimental values were compared to their corresponding controls using an ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparison.RESULTS: We found the two ZnO NMs (24 hr LC50 - 2.5 μg/cm2) and silver NM (24 hr LC50 - 10 μg/cm2) were highly cytotoxic to the cells. The LC50 was not attained in the presence of any of the other engineered nanomaterials (up to 80 μg/cm2). All nanomaterials significantly increased IL8 and IL6 production. Meanwhile no significant change in TNF-α or MCP-1 was detectable. The most notable increase in ROS was noted following treatment with the Ag and the two ZnO NMs. Finally, genotoxicity was measured at sub-lethal concentrations. We found a small but significant increase in DNA damage following exposure to seven of the ten NMs investigated (NM 111, NRCWE 001 and NRCWE 003 being the exception) with this increase being most visible following exposure to Ag and the positively charged TiO2.CONCLUSIONS: While the NMs could be categorised as low and highly cytotoxic, sub-lethal effects such as cytokine production and genotoxicity were observed with some of the low toxicity materials.

KW - Animals

KW - Biomedical Engineering/methods

KW - Cattle

KW - Cell Line

KW - Cell Line, Transformed

KW - Cytotoxins/chemistry

KW - DNA Damage/drug effects

KW - Humans

KW - Inflammation Mediators/metabolism

KW - Kidney/drug effects

KW - Nanostructures/chemistry

KW - Oxidative Stress/drug effects

KW - Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism

U2 - 10.1186/1471-2369-14-96

DO - 10.1186/1471-2369-14-96

M3 - Article

C2 - 23617532

VL - 14

SP - 96

JO - BMC Nephrology

JF - BMC Nephrology

SN - 1471-2369

ER -