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Citizen science shows systematic changes in the temperature difference between air and inland waters with global warming

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Citizen science shows systematic changes in the temperature difference between air and inland waters with global warming. / University, Uppsala; Mackay, Murray; Stockwell, Jason D. et al.
In: Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, 06.03.2017.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

HarvardHarvard

University, U, Mackay, M, Stockwell, JD, Thiery, W, Grossart, H-P, Augusto-Silva, PB, Baulch, HM, de Eyto, E, Hejzlar, J, Kangur, K, Kirillin, G, University, U, Rusak, JA, Davis, UO & Reading, U 2017, 'Citizen science shows systematic changes in the temperature difference between air and inland waters with global warming', Scientific Reports, vol. 7. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep43890

APA

University, U., Mackay, M., Stockwell, J. D., Thiery, W., Grossart, H.-P., Augusto-Silva, P. B., Baulch, H. M., de Eyto, E., Hejzlar, J., Kangur, K., Kirillin, G., University, U., Rusak, J. A., Davis, U. O., & Reading, U. (2017). Citizen science shows systematic changes in the temperature difference between air and inland waters with global warming. Scientific Reports, 7. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep43890

CBE

University U, Mackay M, Stockwell JD, Thiery W, Grossart H-P, Augusto-Silva PB, Baulch HM, de Eyto E, Hejzlar J, Kangur K, et al. 2017. Citizen science shows systematic changes in the temperature difference between air and inland waters with global warming. Scientific Reports. 7. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep43890

MLA

University, Uppsala et al. "Citizen science shows systematic changes in the temperature difference between air and inland waters with global warming". Scientific Reports. 2017. 7. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep43890

VancouverVancouver

University U, Mackay M, Stockwell JD, Thiery W, Grossart HP, Augusto-Silva PB et al. Citizen science shows systematic changes in the temperature difference between air and inland waters with global warming. Scientific Reports. 2017 Mar 6;7. doi: 10.1038/srep43890

Author

University, Uppsala ; Mackay, Murray ; Stockwell, Jason D. et al. / Citizen science shows systematic changes in the temperature difference between air and inland waters with global warming. In: Scientific Reports. 2017 ; Vol. 7.

RIS

TY - JOUR

T1 - Citizen science shows systematic changes in the temperature difference between air and inland waters with global warming

AU - University, Uppsala

AU - Mackay, Murray

AU - Stockwell, Jason D.

AU - Thiery, Wim

AU - Grossart, Hans-Peter

AU - Augusto-Silva, Petala B.

AU - Baulch, Helen M.

AU - de Eyto, Elvira

AU - Hejzlar, Josef

AU - Kangur, Kuelli

AU - Kirillin, Georgiy

AU - University, Uppsala

AU - Rusak, James A.

AU - Davis, University of

AU - Reading, University

PY - 2017/3/6

Y1 - 2017/3/6

N2 - Citizen science projects have a long history in ecological studies. The research usefulness of such projects is dependent on applying simple and standardized methods. Here, we conducted a citizen science project that involved more than 3500 Swedish high school students to examine the temperature difference between surface water and the overlying air (Tw-Ta) as a proxy for sensible heat flux (QH). If QH is directed upward, corresponding to positive Tw-Ta, it can enhance CO2 and CH4 emissions from inland waters, thereby contributing to increased greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. The students found mostly negative Tw-Ta across small ponds, lakes, streams/rivers and the sea shore (i.e. downward QH), with Tw-Ta becoming increasingly negative with increasing Ta. Further examination of Tw-Ta using high-frequency temperature data from inland waters across the globe confirmed that Tw-Ta is linearly related to Ta. Using the longest available high-frequency temperature time series from Lake Erken, Sweden, we found a rapid increase in the occasions of negative Tw-Ta with increasing annual mean Ta since 1989. From these results, we can expect that ongoing and projected global warming will result in increasingly negative Tw-Ta, thereby reducing CO2 and CH4 transfer velocities from inland waters into the atmosphere.

AB - Citizen science projects have a long history in ecological studies. The research usefulness of such projects is dependent on applying simple and standardized methods. Here, we conducted a citizen science project that involved more than 3500 Swedish high school students to examine the temperature difference between surface water and the overlying air (Tw-Ta) as a proxy for sensible heat flux (QH). If QH is directed upward, corresponding to positive Tw-Ta, it can enhance CO2 and CH4 emissions from inland waters, thereby contributing to increased greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. The students found mostly negative Tw-Ta across small ponds, lakes, streams/rivers and the sea shore (i.e. downward QH), with Tw-Ta becoming increasingly negative with increasing Ta. Further examination of Tw-Ta using high-frequency temperature data from inland waters across the globe confirmed that Tw-Ta is linearly related to Ta. Using the longest available high-frequency temperature time series from Lake Erken, Sweden, we found a rapid increase in the occasions of negative Tw-Ta with increasing annual mean Ta since 1989. From these results, we can expect that ongoing and projected global warming will result in increasingly negative Tw-Ta, thereby reducing CO2 and CH4 transfer velocities from inland waters into the atmosphere.

U2 - 10.1038/srep43890

DO - 10.1038/srep43890

M3 - Article

VL - 7

JO - Scientific Reports

JF - Scientific Reports

SN - 2045-2322

ER -