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  • Samuel Rastrick
    Institute of Marine Research, Nordnes, Bergen, Norway
  • Helen Graham
    Ocean Bergen, Espelandvegen 232, Blomsterdalen
  • Tore Strohmeier
    Institute of Marine Research, Nordnes, Bergen, Norway
  • Nia Whiteley
  • Øivind Strand
    Institute of Marine Research, Nordnes, Bergen, Norway
Climate Change driven alterations in salinity and carbonate chemistry are predicted to have significant implications particularly for northern costal organisms, including the economically important filter feeders Mytilus edulis and Ciona intestinalis. However, despite a growing number of studies investigating the biological effects of multiple environmental stressors, the combined effects of elevated pCO2 and reduced salinity remain comparatively understudied. Changes in metabolic costs associated with homeostasis and feeding/digestion in response to environmental stressors may reallocate energy from growth and reproduction, affecting performance. Although these energetic trade-offs in response to changes in routine metabolic rates have been well demonstrated fewer studies have investigated how these are affected by changes in feeding plasticity. Consequently, the present study investigated the combined effects of 26 days’ exposure to elevated pCO2 (500 µatm and 1000 µatm) and reduced salinity (30, 23 and 16) on the energy available for growth and performance (Scope for Growth) in M. edulis and C. intestinalis, and the role of metabolic rate (oxygen uptake) and feeding plasticity (clearance rate and absorption efficiency) in this process. In M. edulis exposure to elevated pCO2 resulted in a 50% reduction in Scope for Growth. However, elevated pCO2 had a much greater effect on C. intestinalis, with more than a 70% reduction in Scope for Growth. In M. edulis negative responses to elevated pCO2 are also unlikely be further affected by changes in salinity between 16 and 30. Whereas, under future predicted levels of pCO2 C. intestinalis showed 100% mortality at a salinity of 16, and a >90% decrease in Scope for Growth with reduced biomass at a salinity of 23. Importantly, this work demonstrates energy available for production is more dependent on feeding plasticity, i.e. the ability to regulate clearance rate and absorption efficiency, in response to multiple stressors than on more commonly studied changes in metabolic rates.

Keywords

  • tunicates, bivalves, ocean acidification, scope for growth, metabolism, clearance rate, absorption efficiency
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)2117-2128
JournalICES Journal of Marine Science
Volume75
Issue number6
Early online date25 Jul 2018
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 1 Dec 2018

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