Frequency drift in MR spectroscopy at 3T

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  • Steve C N Hui
    The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
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    Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta.
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    Instituto de Neurobiología
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    University of Georgia
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    University of Heidelberg
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    Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
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    Royal Marsden Hospital
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    Medical University of Vienna
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    University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
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    Emory University
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    NeuRA Imaging
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    Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
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    Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
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    The Chinese University of Hong Kong
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    University Hospital, Oxford
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    Hasselt University
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    Faculty of Medicine, Southampton
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    Laboratory of Experimental Psychiatry & Neuropsychiatry Department
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    University of Melbourne/ Royal Melbourne Hospital
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    Jagiellonian University
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    Univ. Lille
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    Taipei Medical University
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    Purdue University
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    Nottingham Trent University
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    Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
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    University of Heidelberg
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    University of Bergen
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    Cardiff Metropolitan University
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    Hiroshima University
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    University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara
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    Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
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    Shandong University
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    Eastern Oregon University
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    The University of Oxford
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    Stanford University
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    University of Calgary
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    Jagiellonian University
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    BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil
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    Medical University of Vienna
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    Stanford University
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    Department of Movement Sciences
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    University of California, San Diego
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    Maastricht University Medical Center
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    Cardiff Metropolitan University
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    Swansea University
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    Teacher's College, Columbia University
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    Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York State Psychiatric Institute
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    Stanford University
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    Teacher's College, Columbia University
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    Faculty of Medicine, Southampton
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    University of Kansas Medical Center
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    University of Washington, Seattle
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    Developing Brain Institute
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    Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York State Psychiatric Institute
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    Manchester University
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    King's College London
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    Hiroshima University
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    The University of British Columbia
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    University of California, Davis
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    Russian Academy of Sciences
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    Departamento de Imágenes Cerebrales
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    Aarhus University
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    University of California, San Diego
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    Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York State Psychiatric Institute
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    McGill University, Montreal
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    GE Healthcare, Berlin
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    Oslo University Hospital
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    The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
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    Departamento de Imágenes Cerebrales
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    Instituto e Departamento de Radiologia
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    Instituto de Neurobiología
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    University Hospitals Leuven
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    Central Michigan University
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    Goethe University, Frankfurt
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    Goethe University, Frankfurt
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    Florida International University, Miami
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    Developing Brain Institute
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    Medical University of South Carolina
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    King's College London
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    NeuRA Imaging
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    Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
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    Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
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    Florida International University, Miami
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    King's College London
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    Agroscope, Zurich
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    University of Maryland School of Medicine
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    Aarhus University
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    Aarhus University
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    Mater Dei Hospital
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    University of Amsterdam
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    Russian Academy of Sciences
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    University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
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    Karolinska Institute, Stockholm
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    Eastern Oregon University
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    Shandong University
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    University of California, San Diego
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    Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience
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    Department of Movement Sciences
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    University of California, San Diego
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    University of California, Davis
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    The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
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    BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil
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    University Düsseldorf
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    University of Groningen
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    Brain Health Imaging Centre
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    University of Groningen
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    Mater Dei Hospital
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    Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health
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    University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
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    Shandong University
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    Oslo University Hospital
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    University of Washington, Seattle
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    University of Alabama at Birmingham
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    Birmingham City University
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    University Düsseldorf
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    Florida International University, Miami
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    TMU-Shuang Ho Hospital
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    Baylor College of Medicine, Houston
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    King's College London
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    The Chinese University of Hong Kong
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    University of Georgia
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    Purdue University
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    University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
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    The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
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    Keio University School of Medicine
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    Keio University School of Medicine

PURPOSE: Heating of gradient coils and passive shim components is a common cause of instability in the B0 field, especially when gradient intensive sequences are used. The aim of the study was to set a benchmark for typical drift encountered during MR spectroscopy (MRS) to assess the need for real-time field-frequency locking on MRI scanners by comparing field drift data from a large number of sites.

METHOD: A standardized protocol was developed for 80 participating sites using 99 3T MR scanners from 3 major vendors. Phantom water signals were acquired before and after an EPI sequence. The protocol consisted of: minimal preparatory imaging; a short pre-fMRI PRESS; a ten-minute fMRI acquisition; and a long post-fMRI PRESS acquisition. Both pre- and post-fMRI PRESS were non-water suppressed. Real-time frequency stabilization/adjustment was switched off when appropriate. Sixty scanners repeated the protocol for a second dataset. In addition, a three-hour post-fMRI MRS acquisition was performed at one site to observe change of gradient temperature and drift rate. Spectral analysis was performed using MATLAB. Frequency drift in pre-fMRI PRESS data were compared with the first 5:20 minutes and the full 30:00 minutes of data after fMRI. Median (interquartile range) drifts were measured and showed in violin plot. Paired t-tests were performed to compare frequency drift pre- and post-fMRI. A simulated in vivo spectrum was generated using FID-A to visualize the effect of the observed frequency drifts. The simulated spectrum was convolved with the frequency trace for the most extreme cases. Impacts of frequency drifts on NAA and GABA were also simulated as a function of linear drift. Data from the repeated protocol were compared with the corresponding first dataset using Pearson's and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC).

RESULTS: Of the data collected from 99 scanners, 4 were excluded due to various reasons. Thus, data from 95 scanners were ultimately analyzed. For the first 5:20 min (64 transients), median (interquartile range) drift was 0.44 (1.29) Hz before fMRI and 0.83 (1.29) Hz after. This increased to 3.15 (4.02) Hz for the full 30 min (360 transients) run. Average drift rates were 0.29 Hz/min before fMRI and 0.43 Hz/min after. Paired t-tests indicated that drift increased after fMRI, as expected (p < 0.05). Simulated spectra convolved with the frequency drift showed that the intensity of the NAA singlet was reduced by up to 26%, 44 % and 18% for GE, Philips and Siemens scanners after fMRI, respectively. ICCs indicated good agreement between datasets acquired on separate days. The single site long acquisition showed drift rate was reduced to 0.03 Hz/min approximately three hours after fMRI.

DISCUSSION: This study analyzed frequency drift data from 95 3T MRI scanners. Median levels of drift were relatively low (5-min average under 1 Hz), but the most extreme cases suffered from higher levels of drift. The extent of drift varied across scanners which both linear and nonlinear drifts were observed.

Original languageEnglish
Article number118430
JournalNeuroimage
Volume241
Early online date24 Jul 2021
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 1 Nov 2021

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