This chapter addresses the conceptual frames of reference that are used to interpret spatial and temporal language, such as ‘to the right’, ‘after Christmas’ or ‘behind us’. Such expressions are used to locate objects or events relative to something else, such as a person or another object, place, event, or time. Spatial concepts frequently involve notions of orientation, some of which can also be found in temporal language. Considering the specific features of spatial and temporal domains and their linguistic representation, this chapter provides an overview of reference frame notions by addressing locational and relational concepts as well as the specific role of orientation in each domain. Adding to previous accounts, a specific focus in this chapter is on the role of orientation in reference frames of location in space and time, as well as how notions of orientation themselves can be explained on the basis of diverse types of reference frames.