The time delay signature is a crucial secure key for chaos communication using optical feedback semiconductor lasers. Herein, we propose a single node-based photonic reservoir computing method for extracting the time delay signature of optical-feedback-induced chaos. Through drawing the phase diagram of the chaotic time series and its delayed copies, we transform the time delay signature into the shape feature of the obtained two-dimensional image. After training the optimized photonic reservoir with these two-dimensional images, we numerically demonstrate that our method can achieve an overall extraction accuracy rate of 97.3% for different optical feedback semiconductor lasers. Considering its good performance and simple configuration, we believe that this single node-based photonic reservoir computing offers a hardware-friendly solution for time delay signature extraction.