TY - JOUR

T1 - Effects of cooperation and competition on performance, emotion and effort: Goal and means interdependence

AU - Ring, Christopher

AU - Kavussanu, Maria

AU - Cooke, Andrew

N1 - No embargo upon publication

PY - 2022/4

Y1 - 2022/4

N2 - Social interdependence theory proposes that task structure influences performance via social interaction. Using this framework, we examined sport performance. Fifty-six males performed a basketball task under four conditions: as an individual (individual, perform your best) and as a member of a team of two (cooperation, where teammates sought to better their individual performance; means independent competition, where two teams competed sequentially to outperform the other team; means interdependent competition, where two teams competed simultaneously to outperform the other team). Task performance (points) was better during means independent competition than other conditions. Anxiety and effort peaked during the competitions and enjoyment was greater during competition and cooperation than during the individual condition. Emotions, effort, and actions are discussed as explanations for the performance effects. Social interdependence theory provides a valuableframework to understand emotion, motivation, and performance. Team competition can be used to promote effort and enhance performance in sport.

AB - Social interdependence theory proposes that task structure influences performance via social interaction. Using this framework, we examined sport performance. Fifty-six males performed a basketball task under four conditions: as an individual (individual, perform your best) and as a member of a team of two (cooperation, where teammates sought to better their individual performance; means independent competition, where two teams competed sequentially to outperform the other team; means interdependent competition, where two teams competed simultaneously to outperform the other team). Task performance (points) was better during means independent competition than other conditions. Anxiety and effort peaked during the competitions and enjoyment was greater during competition and cooperation than during the individual condition. Emotions, effort, and actions are discussed as explanations for the performance effects. Social interdependence theory provides a valuableframework to understand emotion, motivation, and performance. Team competition can be used to promote effort and enhance performance in sport.

U2 - https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2020-0357

DO - https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2020-0357

M3 - Article

VL - 44

SP - 86

EP - 93

JO - Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

JF - Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

SN - 0895-2779

IS - 2

ER -