A key goal of hydrological science is to understand the climatic controls on catchment hydrological response behavior. Progress toward this goal would result in improved model transferability from gauged to gauged catchments. In this sense, the effectiveness of the model's transferability is contingent on the proper selection of donor and target catchment pairs. Thus, using a rainfall-runoff model, we evaluate two distinct types of hydrological similarity in this study: (i) the apparent similarity measured by similarity distance based on observable catchments descriptors (CDs) and a Euclidean distance based on physical similarity (PS) method and (ii) behavioral similarity, which is determined by highest-performance of transferred model parameters between gauged donor catchment and ungauged target catchment (best-donor case (BD)). It is believed that catchments that apparently to be similar in terms of CDs, have a similar hydrological behavior. We wish to see if that assumption is valid in this paper. Spatial proximity (SP) is also implemented to see if it might be used as an alternative for PS where there is no apparent physical similarity between catchments. To test the study's assumptions, the HBV conceptual rainfall-runoff model is used in 576 catchments across four climate regions in Iran. The results indicate that: (1) as expected, the best-donor (BD) case performs the best, and the more than 75 % of our physically similar catchments have a hydrological similarity (the overlap was ≥ 70 %), (2) the superiority of PS over SP demonstrates that the CDs exert a great influence on transferability within each climate region than geographical distance. However, we demonstrated that the SP is superior, when spatial distance between donor and target catchments is reduced (nearest neighbor ≤ 20 km), (3) consistent with CDs, when utilizing SP method, geographical distance has a varying effect on model transferability within wetter and drier regions, such that SP performs better in wetter regions than it does in dry interior regions, (4) throughout Iran, the dominant controls on model transferability differ by region. Thus, the climatic (aridity index or PET/P), topographic (mean elevation), and physiographic (catchment area) properties exert a greater influence on parameter transfer to ungauged catchments than do other CDs, and (5) the runoff ratio (streamflow signature) confirmed the superiority of the wetter regions over the drier regions in terms of control on the parameters transfer.