The aim of this study is to (1) compile previously published and unpublished data related to the genetic diversity of the red squirrel population in Wales, and to (2) conduct new DNA analysis on 70 hair and faecal samples from North Wales to create an updated report related to the genetic diversity and haplotype composition present in the red squirrel population today.

The study concentrates on the use of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis, as red squirrels have particularly high mtDNA variation in comparison to other British mammals, making it useful for planning future conservation and restoration efforts in the region.

DNA was extracted from the samples and a short section of the mtDNA was amplified and DNA sequenced. The DNA sequences were assessed for quality, and sequences were compared to previously collected and published samples from the region, and elsewhere in Britain and Ireland, to see what haplotypes or DNA strains are currently present in the North Wales region.

We report a total of six mtDNA haplotypes, three unique to this study, but failed to detect some of the haplotypes previously recorded in the region. This could suggest a loss of haplotypes, but interpretation is complicated by the fact that the samples from Clocaenog in this study were mostly obtained from animals released to boost the small existing population, and consequently it is possible that our sampling did not reflect the full diversity of red squirrels in the forest.

North Wales remains a significant site for red squirrel conservation, with several reinforcement and translocation projects carried out over the years. As a result, the genetic diversity present today largely reflects these efforts. However, the presence of ANG1/ANG2 haplotypes suggests that some of the original and unique Welsh genetic diversity may still persist in the region.

It is important to also pay particular attention to the mid Wales region, as this area previously contained haplotypes not found elsewhere, thought maybe to have a longer association with the region, and these would be interesting to both document and manage.

Regular sampling should be carried out to survey the contemporary genetic diversity. Hair samples from squirrel feeders and or hair-tubes would be adequate, but it is important that samples are stored appropriately and with their associated geographic data to ensure robust data sets at the time of analysis. Some of the samples in this study yielded relatively poor quality DNA, making them difficult to work with in the lab. Extracting DNA from hair and faecal samples on a more regular basis may help conserve the DNA quality and quantity, which will remain stable for longer once extracted.

Such effort would require the dedication of a full time PhD student or postdoctoral researcher, who would engage with the relevant stakeholders in the region, and manage a systematic approach to sampling, mapping, lab analysis and communication to ensure a robust study of the entire Welsh red squirrel population.