Multilevel comparison of Indian Naja venoms and their cross-reactivity with Indian polyvalent antivenoms
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In: Toxins, Vol. 15, No. 4, 01.04.2023.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
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T1 - Multilevel comparison of Indian Naja venoms and their cross-reactivity with Indian polyvalent antivenoms
AU - Deka, Archana
AU - Bhatia, Siddarth
AU - Santra, Vishal
AU - Bharti, Omesh
AU - Lalremsanga, Hmar
AU - Martin, Gerard
AU - Wüster, Wolfgang
AU - Owens, John Benjamin
AU - Graham, Stuart
AU - Doley, Robin
AU - Malhotra, Anita
PY - 2023/4/1
Y1 - 2023/4/1
N2 - Snake envenoming is caused by many biological species, rather than a single infectious agent, each with a multiplicity of toxins in their venom. Hence, developing effective treatments is challenging, especially in biodiverse and biogeographically complex countries such as India. The present study represents the first genus-wide proteomics analysis of venom composition across Naja species (N. naja, N. oxiana, and N. kaouthia) found in mainland India. Venom proteomes were consistent between individuals from the same localities in terms of the toxin families present, but not in the relative abundance of those in the venom. There appears to be more compositional variation among N. naja from different locations than among N. kaouthia. Immunoblotting and in vitro neutralization assays indicated cross-reactivity with Indian polyvalent antivenom, in which antibodies raised against N. naja are present. However, we observed ineffective neutralization of PLA2 activities of N. naja venoms from locations distant from the source of immunizing venoms. Antivenom immunoprofiling by antivenomics revealed differential antigenicity of venoms from N. kaouthia and N. oxiana, and poor reactivity towards 3FTxs and PLA2s. Moreover, there was considerable variation between antivenoms from different manufacturers. These data indicate that improvements to antivenom manufacturing in India are highly desirable.
AB - Snake envenoming is caused by many biological species, rather than a single infectious agent, each with a multiplicity of toxins in their venom. Hence, developing effective treatments is challenging, especially in biodiverse and biogeographically complex countries such as India. The present study represents the first genus-wide proteomics analysis of venom composition across Naja species (N. naja, N. oxiana, and N. kaouthia) found in mainland India. Venom proteomes were consistent between individuals from the same localities in terms of the toxin families present, but not in the relative abundance of those in the venom. There appears to be more compositional variation among N. naja from different locations than among N. kaouthia. Immunoblotting and in vitro neutralization assays indicated cross-reactivity with Indian polyvalent antivenom, in which antibodies raised against N. naja are present. However, we observed ineffective neutralization of PLA2 activities of N. naja venoms from locations distant from the source of immunizing venoms. Antivenom immunoprofiling by antivenomics revealed differential antigenicity of venoms from N. kaouthia and N. oxiana, and poor reactivity towards 3FTxs and PLA2s. Moreover, there was considerable variation between antivenoms from different manufacturers. These data indicate that improvements to antivenom manufacturing in India are highly desirable.
KW - Biogeography
KW - Biodiversity
KW - venom variation
KW - snakebite
KW - neutralization
KW - antivenomics
KW - Naja naja
KW - Naja kaouthia
KW - Naja oxiana
U2 - 10.3390/toxins15040258
DO - 10.3390/toxins15040258
M3 - Article
VL - 15
JO - Toxins
JF - Toxins
SN - 2072-6651
IS - 4
ER -