Above- and belowground carbon (C) stores of terrestrial ecosystems are vulnerable to environmental change. Ecosystem C balances in response to environmental changes have been quantified at individual sites, but the magnitudes and directions of these responses along environmental gradients remain uncertain. Here we show the responses of ecosystem C to 8-12 years of experimental drought and night-time warming across an aridity gradient spanning seven European shrublands using indices of C a ssimilation
(aboveground net primary production: aNPP) and soil C efflux (soil respiration: Rs). The changes of aNPP and Rs in response to drought indicated that wet systems had an overall risk of increased loss of C but drier systems did not. Warming had no consistent effect on aNPP across the climate gradient and Rs increased from drier to wetter sites. Our findings suggest that the above- and belowground C fluxes become decoupled, with no evidence of acclimation at a decadal timescale. aNPP and Rs especially differed in 3 their sensitivity to drought and warming, with belowground processes being more sensitive to environmental change.