School of Computer Science & Engineering
- 2000
- Published
Quiet laser diodes
Shore, K. A. & Kane, D. M., 1 Dec 2000.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Wavelet operators for nonlinear optical pulse propagation
Pierce, I., Rees, P. & Shore, K. A., 1 Dec 2000, In: Journal of the Optical Society of America A: Optics Image Science and Vision. 17, 12, p. 2431-2439Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- 2001
- Published
A fuzzy model of heavy metal loadings in marine environment.
Kuncheva, L. I., Wrench, J., Jain, L. C., Al-Zaidan, A. S., Ruan, D. (ed.), Kacprzyk, J. (ed.) & Fedrizzi, M. (ed.), 1 Jan 2001, Soft Computing for Risk Assessment and Management. 2001 ed. Unknown, p. 355-371Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter
- Published
All-optical wavelength conversion.
Tang, J., Fice, M., Khand, K. & Tang, J. M., 1 Jan 2001, 2001 ed. Unknown.Research output: Book/Report › Commissioned report
- Published
Analysis of optical phase mismatch between counter propagating conjugate waves in four-wave mixing loop configurations
Tang, J. & Tang, J. M., 1 Jan 2001, 2001 ed. Unknown.Research output: Book/Report › Commissioned report
- Published
Apparatus and Method for Testing using Dielectrophoresis.
Pethig, R. & Markx, G. H., 1 Jan 2001, Patent No. U.S. Pat. 6,264,815Research output: Patent
- Published
Application of the argument principle method to the calculation of DFB laser diode modes.
Barlow, G. F. & Shore, K. A., 1 Jan 2001, In: International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields. 14, 4, p. 291-302Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- Published
Characterisation and optimisation of AC conductimetric biosensors.
Gallardo Soto, A. M., Jaffari, S. A. & Bone, S., 1 Jan 2001, In: Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 16, 1-2, p. 23-29Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- Published
Combining classifiers: Soft computing solutions.
Kuncheva, L. I., Pal, S. K. (ed.) & Pal, A. (ed.), 1 Jan 2001, Pattern Recognition: From Classical to Modern Approaches. 2001 ed. Unknown, p. 427-452Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter
- Published
Communicating with Chaos.
Sivaprakasam, S., Pierce, I., Spencer, P. S., Jones, R. J., Rees, P. & Shore, K. A., 1 Jan 2001.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Complexity of data subsets generated by the random subspace method: An experimental investigation
Kuncheva, L. I., Roli, F., Marcialis, G. L. & Shipp, C. A., 1 Jan 2001, p. 349-358.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Development of ac impedance biosensors.
Gallardo Soto, A. M., Bone, S. & Grattan, K. T. (ed.), 1 Jan 2001, Sensors and Their Applications XI: Proceedings of the Eleventh Conference on Sensors and Their Applications. 2001 ed. Taylor & Francis, p. 31-39Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter
- Published
Engineering Challenges for Polymer Electronics.
Taylor, D. M. & Morris, D. J., 1 Jan 2001, p. 537-540.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Evaluation of robotic/automation systems for clinical chemistry by computer simulation
Couchman, A. & Jones, D. I., 1 Jan 2001, 2001 ed. Unknown.Research output: Book/Report › Commissioned report
- Published
Feature subsets for classifier combination: An enumerative experiment.
Kuncheva, L. I. & Whitaker, C. J., 1 Jan 2001, p. 228-237.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Four measures of data complexity for bootstrapping, splitting and feature sampling
Shipp, C. A. & Kuncheva, L. I., 1 Jan 2001, p. 429-435.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Improved performance of polarization insensitive and frequency conversion interval independent four-wave mixing of CW waves in an semiconductor-optical amplifier-based optical loop
Tang, J. & Tang, J. M., 1 Jan 2001, 2001 ed. Unknown.Research output: Book/Report › Commissioned report
- Published
Manipulation of Solid, Semi-Solid or Liquid Materials.
Pethig, R. & Burt, J. P., 1 Jan 2001, Patent No. U.S. Pat. 6,197,176Research output: Patent
- Published
Phase conjugation and noise of widely tunable dual-pump four-wave mixing subject to strong signal injection in a semiconductor optical amplifier-based optical loop scheme
Tang, J. & Tang, J. M., 1 Jan 2001, 2001 ed. Unknown.Research output: Book/Report › Commissioned report
- Published
Polarization insensitive and frequency conversion interval independent four-wave mixing of CW waves in semiconductor optical amplifiers
Tang, J. & Tang, J. M., 1 Jan 2001, 2001 ed. Unknown.Research output: Book/Report › Commissioned report
- Published
Polarization-insensitive optical spectral inversion without frequency shift based on four-wave mixing in semiconductor optical amplifiers.
Tang, J. M., Spencer, P. S. & Shore, K. A., 1 Jan 2001, In: Journal of Optics B: Quantum and Semiclassical Optics. 3, p. 148-154Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- Published
Review of all-optical wavelength conversion techniques.
Tang, J. & Tang, J. M., 1 Jan 2001, 2001 ed. Unknown.Research output: Book/Report › Commissioned report
- Published
Sticky pixels: Evolutionary growth by random drop ballistic aggregation.
Roberts, J. C., 1 Jan 2001, p. 149-155.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Ten measures of diversity in classifier ensembles: Limits for two classifiers.
Kuncheva, L. I. & Whitaker, C. J., 1 Jan 2001.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
The effect of sugars in preserving the functional properties of dried proteins.
Murray, B. S., Liang, H. J., Bone, S., Lopez-Diez, E. C., Dickinson, E. (ed.) & Miller, R. (ed.), 1 Jan 2001, Food colloids: Fundamentals of Formulation. 2001 ed. Royal Society of Chemistry, p. 272-281Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter
- Published
The influence of post-four-wave mixing experimental setup on the measured Q of converted signals
Tang, J. & Tang, J. M., 1 Jan 2001, 2001 ed. Unknown.Research output: Book/Report › Commissioned report
- Published
Theoretical analysis of the effect of amplified luminescence on the modulation response of laser diodes.
Burov, L. I., Gribkosvkii, V. P., Grigelevich, P. S., Kramar, M. I., Ryabtsev, G. I., Shore, K. A., Voitikov, S. V. & Kragler, R., 1 Jan 2001, In: International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields. 14, 4, p. 331-343Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- Published
Using a fuzzy inference system to control a pumped storage hydro plant.
King, D. J., Bradley, D. A., Mansoor, S. P., Jones, D. I., Aris, F. C. & Jones, G. R., 1 Jan 2001, p. 1008-1011.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Using fuzzy similarities to analyze heavy metal distribution in a marine environment
Al-Zaidan, A. S. & Kuncheva, L. I., 1 Jan 2001, p. 725-731.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
`Fuzzy' vs `non-fuzzy' in combining classifiers: an experimental study.
Kuncheva, L. I., 1 Jan 2001, p. 11-22.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Chaos and synchronization of self-pulsating laser diodes
Jones, R. J., Rees, P., Spencer, P. & Shore, K. A., 1 Feb 2001, In: Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical Physics. 18, 2, p. 166-172Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- Published
Decision templates for multiple classifier fusion: an experimental comparison.
Kuncheva, L. I., Bezdek, J. C. & Duin, R. P., 1 Feb 2001, In: Pattern Recognition. 34, 2, p. 299-314Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- Published
Detuned side-mode injection for enhancing oscillation frequency of a semiconductor laser.
Jones, R. J., Rees, P., Spencer, P. S. & Shore, K. A., 1 Feb 2001, In: IEE Proceedings: Optoelectronics. 148, 1, p. 35-39Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- Published
Dielectric and related molecular processes in polymers.
Das-Gupta, D. K., 1 Feb 2001, In: IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation. 8, 1, p. 6-14Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- Published
Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger nonlocality in phase space.
Van Loock, P. & Braunstein, S. L., 1 Feb 2001, In: Physical Review Letters. 63, 2, p. 022106Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- Published
Investigation of changes in absorber position in the 650nm AlGaInP self-pulsating laser for optical storage applications.
Jones, D. R., Rees, P., Pierce, I. & Summers, H. D., 1 Feb 2001, In: IEE Proceedings: Optoelectronics. 148, 1, p. 65-68Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- Published
Threshold current analysis of distributed feed-back organic semiconductor lasers.
Barlow, G. F. & Shore, K. A., 1 Feb 2001, In: IEE Proceedings: Optoelectronics. 148, 1, p. 2-6Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- Published
Time-delay hyperchaos synchronisation and implications for laserdiodes subject to optical feedback.
Shahverdiev, E. M. & Shore, K. A., 1 Feb 2001, In: IEE Proceedings: Optoelectronics. 148, 1, p. 46-48Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- Published
Viability of Giardia intestinalis cysts and viability and sporulation state of Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts determined by electrorotation.
Dalton, C., Goater, A. D., Pethig, R. & Smith, H. V., 1 Feb 2001, In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 67, 2, p. 586-590Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- Published
Electron transport process in quantum cascade intersubband semiconductor lasers.
Kalna, K., Cheung, C. Y. & Shore, K. A., 15 Feb 2001, In: Journal of Applied Physics. 89, p. 2001-2005Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- Published
The Introduction of eXtreme Programming into Medium Sized Businesses.
Gittins, R. G., Hope, S. & Williams, I., 19 Feb 2001.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Cascaded synchronization of external-cavity laser diodes.
Sivaprakasam, S. & Shore, K. A., 1 Mar 2001, In: Optics Letters. 26, 5, p. 253-255Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- Published
Detection devices in entanglement-based optical state preparation.
Kok, P. & Braunstein, S. L., 1 Mar 2001, In: Physical Review A. 63, 3, p. 033812Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- Published
Iterated Peiffer pairings in the Moore complex of a simplicial group.
Mutlu, A. & Porter, T., 1 Mar 2001, In: Applied Categorical Structures. 9, 2, p. 111-130Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- Published
Maximising the benefits of the marine radiobeacon service in Ireland.
Last, J. D., 2 Mar 2001.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
- Published
A novel method for determination of the maximum stable feedback level in laser diodes.
Pierce, I., Rees, P., Spencer, P. S. & Shore, K. A., 16 Mar 2001, In: International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields. 14, 4, p. 345-357Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- Published
Global positioning – Where would we be without it?
Last, J. D., 22 Mar 2001.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Cascaded synchronisation of chaotic semiconductor lasers
Shahverdiev, E. M. & Shore, K. A., 1 Apr 2001.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Design of unipolar near-infra-red intersubband lasers
Banjeree, S., Barlow, G. F. & Shore, K. A., 1 Apr 2001.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Dielectric properties and spatial distribution of polarization of ceramic plus polymer composite sensors.
Marin-Franch, P., Tunnicliffe, D. L. & Das-Gupta, D. K., 1 Apr 2001, In: Materials Research Innovations. 4, 5-6, p. 334-339Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- Published
GHz bandwidth message transmission using chaotic diode lasers.
Paul, J., Sivaprakasam, S., Spencer, P. S., Rees, P. & Shore, K. A., 1 Apr 2001.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
GHz bandwith message transmission using chaotic diode lasers
Paul, J., Sivaprakasam, S., Spencer, P. S., Rees, P. & Shore, K. A., 1 Apr 2001.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Hysteresis dependence on injection power and frequency detuning in bistable VCSELs
Hong, Y., Spencer, P. S. & Shore, K. A., 1 Apr 2001.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Integrity of all-optical data encryption using chaotic external-cavity diode lasers.
Sivaprakasam, S., Paul, J., Spencer, P. S. & Shore, K. A., 1 Apr 2001.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Quadrature detection method for determination of nonlinear modulation response of semiconductor laser diodes
Perkins, D., Pierce, I., Rees, P., Spencer, P. S. & Shore, K. A., 1 Apr 2001.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Reflecting on one, two, three, infinity.
Priest, A., Rees, P., Pierce, I. & Spencer, P. S., 1 Apr 2001.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Synchronisation of chaotic semiconductor lasers with time delay
Shahverdiev, E. M. & Shore, K. A., 1 Apr 2001.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Synchronisation regimes in chaotic diode lasers - effect of injected power.
Pierce, I., Valle, A., Rees, P., Sivaprakasam, S., Spencer, P. S. & Shore, K. A., 1 Apr 2001.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Synchronisation regimes in chaotic diodes lasers - effect of injected power
Pierce, I., Valle, A., Rees, P., Sivaprakasam, S., Spencer, P. S. & Shore, K. A., 1 Apr 2001.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
A Study of Human Solutions in eXtreme Programming.
Gittins, R. G. & Hope, S., 17 Apr 2001.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Power and frequency dependence of hysteresis in optically bistable injection-locked VCSELs.
Hong, Y., Spencer, P. & Shore, K. A., 26 Apr 2001, In: Electronics Letters. 37, 9, p. 569-570Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- Published
Enhanced performance of polarization-independent four-wave mixing in polarization-sensitive semiconductor optical amplifiers.
Tang, J. M., Spencer, P. S. & Shore, K. A., 1 May 2001, In: IEEE Photonics Technology Letters. 13, 5, p. 496-498Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- Published
Measuring techniques for electrostatics.
Taylor, D. M., 1 May 2001, In: Journal of Electrostatics. 51, p. 502-508Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- Published
Molecular processes in polymer electrets.
Das-Gupta, D. K., 1 May 2001, In: Journal of Electrostatics. 51, p. 159-166Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- Published
Picosecond optical pulses in mid-infared intersubband semiconductor optical amplifiers.
Tang, J. M., Spencer, P. S. & Shore, K. A., 1 May 2001.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Picosecond optical pulses in mid-infrared intersubband semiconductor optical amplifiers
Tang, J. M., Spencer, P. S., Rees, P., Pierce, I. & Shore, K. A., 1 May 2001.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Quantum-information distributors: Quantum network for symmetric and asymmetric cloning in arbitrary dimension and continuous limit.
Braunstein, S. L., Buzek, V. & Hillery, M., 1 May 2001, In: Physical Review A. 63, 5, p. 052313Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- Published
A rapidly-responding sensor for benzene, methanol and ethanol vapours based on films of titanium dioxide dispersed in a polymer operating at room temperature.
Mabrook, M. F. & Hawkins, P., 15 May 2001, In: Sensors and Actuators B - Chemical. 75, 3, p. 197-202Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- Published
Qualitative Studies of XP in a Medium Sized Business.
Gittins, R. G., Hope, S. & Williams, I., 20 May 2001.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Optimal cloning of coherent states with a linear amplifier and beam splitters.
Braunstein, S. L., Cerf, N. J., Iblisdir, S., Van Loock, P. & Massar, S., 21 May 2001, In: Physical Review Letters. 86, 21, p. 4938-4941Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- Published
Inverse synchronisation in semiconductor laser diodes
Sivaprakasam, S., Pierce, I., Rees, P., Spencer, P., Shore, K. A. & Valle, A., 31 May 2001, In: Physical Review A. 64, 1, 013805.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- Published
Anticipating synchronisation in chaotic external cavity laser diodes.
Sivaprakasam, S., Shahverdiev, E. M., Spencer, P. S. & Shore, K. A., 1 Jun 2001.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Issues of dataflow and view presentation in multiple view visualization.
Roberts, J. C., 1 Jun 2001, p. 177-183.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Multi-time and cascaded anticipation of chaos synchronisation.
Shahverdiev, E. M., Sivaprakasam, S. & Shore, K. A., 1 Jun 2001.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Optical technology for chaotic communications.
Sivaprakasam, S., Spencer, P. S., Pierce, I., Rees, P. & Shore, K. A., 1 Jun 2001.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Quantum-interferometric optical lithography: Towards arbitrary two-dimensional patterns.
Kok, P., Boto, A. N., Abrams, D. S., Williams, C. P., Braunstein, S. L. & Dowling, J. P., 1 Jun 2001, In: Physical Review A. 63, 6, p. 063407Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- Published
Spaces of maps into classifying spaces for equivariant crossed complexes, II: The general topological group case
Brown, R., Golasinski, M., Porter, T. & Tonks, A., 1 Jun 2001, In: K-Theory. 23, 2, p. 129-155Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- Published
Eavesdropping in all-optical data encryption using chaotic external-cavity diode lasers.
Sivaprakasam, S., Paul, J., Spencer, P. S. & Shore, K. A., 1 Jul 2001.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Experimental observation of anticipating chaotic synchronisation using external cavity laser diodes.
Sivaprakasam, S., Shahverdiev, E. M., Spencer, P. S. & Shore, K. A., 1 Jul 2001.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Ghz Bandwith message transmission using chaotic diode lasers.
Paul, J., Sivaprakasam, S., Spencer, P. S., Rees, P. & Shore, K. A., 1 Jul 2001.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Integrity of all-optical data encryption using chaotic external-cavity diode lasers.
Sivaprakasam, S., Paul, J., Spencer, P. S. & Shore, K. A., 1 Jul 2001.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Low quantum noise laser diodes using high-finesse-cavities.
Shore, K. A. & Kane, D. M., 1 Jul 2001.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Memory effect in the current-voltage characteristic of a low-band gap conjugated polymer
Taylor, D. M. & Mills, C. A., 1 Jul 2001, In: Journal of Applied Physics. 90, 1, p. 306-309Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- Published
Nanoscale optical measurements of VCSEL transverse mode structure.
Hong, Y. H., Cambridge, J. A., Shore, K. A., Larsson, A., Carlsson, C. & Halonen, J., 1 Jul 2001.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Modelling concepts of proton eye radiotherapy.
McDerby, M. J., John, N. W., Brunt, J. N. & Kacperek, A., 1 Aug 2001, In: Physiological Measurement. 22, 3, p. 611-623Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- Published
Quantum versus classical domains for teleportation with continuous variables.
Braunstein, S. L., Fuchs, C. A., Kimble, H. J. & Van Loock, P., 1 Aug 2001, In: Physical Review A. 64, 2, p. 022321Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- Published
The use of low profile piezoelectric sensors for impact and acoustic emission (AE) detection in CFRC structures.
Martin, T., Hudd, J., Wells, P., Tunnicliffe, D. & Das-Gupta, D. K., 1 Aug 2001, In: Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. 12, 8, p. 537-544Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- Published
Threshold gain and threshold current analysis of circular grating DFB organic semiconductor lasers.
Barlow, G. F. & Shore, K. A., 1 Aug 2001, In: IEE Proceedings: Optoelectronics. 148, 4, p. 165-170Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- Published
Multi-dimensional Hermite polynomials in quantum optics.
Kok, P. & Braunstein, S. L., 10 Aug 2001, In: Journal of Physics A - Mathematical and General. 34, 31, p. 6185-6195Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- Published
Anticipating synchronisation in chaotic external cavity laser diodes
Sivaprakasam, S., Shahverdiev, E. M., Spencer, P. S. & Shore, K. A., 1 Sept 2001.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Determination of nonlinear modulation response of semiconductor laser diodes by quadrature detection
Perkins, D., Pierce, I., Rees, P., Spencer, P. S., Shore, K. A. & Valle, A., 1 Sept 2001.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Multi-time and cascaded anticipation of chaos synchronisation
Shahverdiev, E. M., Sivaprakasam, S. & Shore, K. A., 1 Sept 2001.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Synchronisation regimes in chaotic diode lasers.
Pierce, I., Rees, P., Sivaprakasam, S., Spencer, P. S. & Shore, K. A., 1 Sept 2001.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Transverse mode dynamics of VCSELs subject to optical injection.
Hong, Y., Spencer, P. S. & Shore, K. A., 1 Sept 2001.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Transverse mode dynamics of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers subject to optical injection
Hong, Y. H., Spencer, P. S. & Shore, K. A., 1 Sept 2001.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Qualitative Studies of Extreme Programming in a Medium Sized Business.
Gittins, R. G., 13 Sept 2001.Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper
- Published
Using measures of similarity and inclusion for multiple classifier fusion by decision templates
Kuncheva, L. I., 16 Sept 2001, In: Fuzzy Sets and Systems. 122, 3, p. 401-407Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- Published
Photopolymer holographic recording material parameter estimation using a nonlocal diffusion based model
Lawrence, J. R., O'Neill, F. T. & Sheridan, J. T., 1 Oct 2001, In: Journal of Applied Physics. 90, 7, p. 3142-3148Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
- Published
Experimental demonstration of anticipating synchronization in chaotic semiconductor lasers with optical feedback.
Sivaprakasam, S., Shahverdiev, E. M., Spencer, P. S. & Shore, K. A., 8 Oct 2001, In: Physical Review Letters. 87, 15, p. 154101Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review