A mesophilic, hyperacidophilic archaeon, strain M1 , was isolated from a rock sample from Vulcano Island, Italy. Cells of this organism were cocci with an average diameter of 1 µm. Some cells possessed filaments. The strain grew in the range of temperatures between 15 and 52 °C and pH 0.5-4.0 with growth optima at 40 °C and pH 1.0. Strain M1 was aerobic and chemoorganotrophic, growing on complex substrates, such as casamino acids, trypticase, tryptone, yeast and beef extracts. No growth at expenses of oxidation of elemental sulphur or reduced sulphur compounds, pyrite, or ferrous sulphate was observed. The core lipids were glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraether lipids (membrane spanning) with 0 to 4 cyclopentane moieties and archaeol, with trace amounts of hydroxy archaeol. The dominant quinone was MK-7 : 7. The genome size of M1 was 1.67 Mbp with a G+C content of 39.76 mol%, and both characteristics were well within the common range for . The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence placed the strain M1 within the order with sequence identities of 90.9, 90.3 and 90.5% to the closest SSU rRNA gene sequences from organisms with validly published names, , and , respectively. Based on the results of our genomic, phylogenetic, physiological and chemotaxonomic studies, we propose that strain M1 (=DSM 116605 =JCM 36570 ) represents a new genus and species, gen. nov., sp. nov., within the order .